人无骨而不立,骨无关节而不活,若没有健康的骨骼,幸福生活又从何谈起?骨骼是身体最重要的组织之一,起着不可替代的作用。根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)定义,骨质疏松症是一种骨量减低和骨组织微结构退化,致使骨的脆性增加以及易于发生骨折的一种全身性骨骼疾病。
随着社会人口老龄化的进展,骨质疏松症的发病率将会越来越高,尤其是绝经期女性,其发生骨质疏松症的风险较男性更高。目前骨质疏松症的治疗方法有限,药物的治疗虽然有一定成效,但是药物并不能使其彻底根治且需长期服用,还存在着副作用的问题。健康的骨骼有赖于新骨形成与旧骨吸收之间达到平衡。不过激素、免疫功能和代谢途径的改变都有可能破坏这种平衡,导致骨质疏松症等疾病。

肠道微生态与骨骼健康
近年来,出现了一个新的科研领域-骨微生物学 (Osteomicrobiology), 研究微生物在骨骼健康中所起到的的作用,以及微生物组对出生后骨骼发育、骨骼老化和病理骨质流失的调控机制[1],其中益生菌的健康效应也逐渐被挖掘。目前已从不同角度(炎症因子、基因配体、信号通路、破骨细胞、钙离子吸收等)证实益生菌可参与免疫细胞和骨细胞之间相互作用,干预骨质疏松症。
益生菌如何维持骨骼健康?
1. 益生菌在肠道内的消化作用及代谢产物可补充骨骼发育所需
益生菌为有利于机体健康的微生物,广泛应用于胃肠道消化疾病的防治。益生菌可通过胃酸及胆盐环境的考验定殖于肠道中,分解体内食物,并释放钙,镁和其他重要的骨矿物质,益生菌的代谢产生维生素D、C、K、叶酸及短链脂肪酸 (Short chain fatty acid, SCFA)等 [2,3]也可补充骨骼发育所需。

益生菌促进骨骼健康
2. 通过调节肠道微生态防止骨流失
当身体血液钙含量太低时,身体会分泌甲状旁腺激素(Parathyroid hormone,PTH),从而激活破骨细胞,将骨骼中的钙释放到血液中。益生菌干预肠道微生态进一步调节 PTH 水平,防止骨丢失维持骨骼健康;此外,经研究证实,肠道微生态环境下代谢所产生的SCFA,可有效抑制炎症[4],调节宿主[5,6] 的免疫反应,支持薄弱的肠上皮屏障[7,8],促进损伤后的上皮发育和修复反应[9-11]。在德国进行的人体临床试验发现,适当地补充膳食纤维,可增加受试者 SCFA 水平的提高。另外,益生菌可刺激活化免疫细胞(T 淋巴细胞,B 淋巴细胞及树突状细胞),分泌多种细胞因子,并与多种细胞因子间相互作用,通过信号通路的正负反馈调控,调节造骨细胞和破骨细胞的分化与增殖平衡。
目前许多研究证明益生菌及其发酵乳有助于骨骼健康。动物试验证实益生菌可预防卵巢切除[12]、牙周病和糖尿病引起的骨质流失[13-16];人体临床试验也发现,摄入开菲尔发酵乳后,男性的骨密度增加[17],老年妇女补充益生菌后骨量有明显的变化[18],停经后女性食用益生菌后可提升髋骨总骨密度[19]。种种证据显示,适当补充肠道有益菌及其发酵产品,既能够促进胃肠道消化、吸收功能,又能活化免疫系统,影响造骨与破骨细胞生成与分化,改善骨质疏松症状,对于老年、更年期女性族群以及骨量需求较大的青春期族群,维持骨骼的健康皆有一定的助益,相较于市面上的药物,无副作用疑虑。期待未来益生菌在骨质疏松方面的研究会取得更大的突破,造福人类。
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(作者:伊利集团乳业技术研究院 科学家 刘锦浲、高级工程师 马霞)
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